The Skein Hash Function Family: The Skein Hash Function Family was proposed to NIST in their 2010 hash function competition. Skein is fast due to using just a few simple computational primitives, secure, and very flexible — per the specification, it can be used as a straight-forward hash, MAC, HMAC, digital signature hash, key derivation mechanism, stream cipher, or pseudo-random number generator. Skein supports internal state sizes of 256, 512 and 1024 bits, and arbitrary output lengths.
TESLA requires the sender to generate a chain of authentication keys, where a given key is associated with a single time slot, T. In general, Ti+1 = Ti+Δt. The sender can create as many keys as it wants but might need to limit the length of the chain based upon memory or other constraints. So, suppose the sender wants to create a chain of N keys. The sender will randomly select the N-th key, KN. Then, using a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) function, P, and the prior key value as the seed, the sender creates the next key in the chain. Thus, KN-1 = P(KN), KN-2 = P(KN-1),..., K0 = P(K1). Each key is assigned to a time interval, so that Ki is associated with Ti. One important feature is that this is a one-way chain; given any key, Ki, all previously used keys can be derived by the receiver (i.e., any Kj can be calculated where ji).
Sms Deliverer 2 3 Keygen Generator
There are a lot of topics that have been discussed above that will be big issues going forward in cryptography. As compute power increases, attackers can go after bigger keys and local devices can process more complex algorithms. Some of these issues include the size of public keys, the ability to forge public key certificates, which hash function(s) to use, and the trust that we will have in random number generators. Interested readers should check out "Recent Parables in Cryptography" (Orman, H., January/February 2014, IEEE Internet Computing, 18(1), 82-86).
Given this need for randomness, how do we ensure that crypto algorithms produce random numbers for high levels of entropy? Computers use random number generators (RNGs) for myriad purposes but computers cannot actually generate truly random sequences but, rather, sequences that have mostly random characteristics. To this end, computers use pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), aka deterministic random number generator, algorithms. NIST has a series of documents (SP 800-90: Random Bit Generators) that address this very issue:
Before thinking that this is too obscure to worry about, let me point out a field of study called kleptography, the "study of stealing information securely and subliminally" (see "The Dark Side of Cryptography: Kleptography in Black-Box Implementations"). Basically, this is a form of attack from within a cryptosystem itself. From that article comes this whimsical example: Imagine a cryptosystem (hardware or software) that generates PKC key pairs. The private key should remain exclusively within the system in order to prevent improper use and duplication. The public key, however, should be able to be freely and widely distributed since the private key cannot be derived from the public key, as described elsewhere in this document. But, now suppose that a cryptographic back door is embedded into the cryptosystem, allowing an attacker to access or derive the private key from the public key — such as weakening the key generation process at its heart by compromising the random number generators essential to creating strong key pairs. The potential negative impact is obvious. 2ff7e9595c
Comments